Depression
Oxidative stress and major depression
“The study concluded that in the absence of known oxidative injury causative agents, the lowered levels of antioxidants and higher levels of MDA implicate the high degree of oxidative stress in unipolar depression.”
Bajpai, A., Verma, A. K., Srivastava, M., & Srivastava, R. (2014). Oxidative stress and major depression. Journal Of Clinical And Diagnostic Research, 8(12), 4-7. doi: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/10258.5292
Depression and oxidative stress: Results from a meta-analysis of observational studies
“This meta-analysis observed an association between depression and oxidative stress and antioxidant status across many different studies. Differences in measures of depression and markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status markers could account for the observed heterogeneity. These findings suggest that well-established associations between depression and poor health outcomes may be mediated by high oxidative stress.”
Palta, P., Samuel, L. J., Miller, E. R., & Szanton, S. L. (2014). Depression and oxidative stress: Results from a meta-analysis of observational studies. Psychosomatic Medicine, 76(1), 12-19. doi: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000009
Novel therapeutic targets in depression and anxiety: Antioxidants as a candidate treatment
“There is growing evidence that the imbalance between oxidative stress and the antioxidant defense system may be associated with the development neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Major depression and anxiety are presently correlated with a lowered total antioxidant state and by an activated oxidative stress (OS) pathway.”
Xu, Y., Wang, C., Klabnik, J. J., & O’Donnell, J. M. (2014). Novel therapeutic targets in depression and anxiety: Antioxidants as a candidate treatment. Current Neuropharmacology, 12(2), 108-119. doi: 10.2174/1570159X11666131120231448
Review: The role of inflammation in depression
“The role of inflammation in major depressive disorder (MDD) has been of growing interest over the past two decades and evidence suggests it plays a role in depression. Cytokines have been found to influence almost every pathway involved in the pathogenesis of depression including alterations to the expression of neurotransmitters, neuroendocrine function, synaptic plasticity and basal ganglia.”
Patel, A. (2013). Review: The role of inflammation in depression. Psychiatria Danubina, 25(2), 216-223. Retrieved from http://www.hdbp.org/psychiatria_danubina/pdf/dnb_vol25_sup2/dnb_vol25_sup2_216.pdf
A meta-analysis of oxidative stress markers in depression
“Studies have suggested that depression was accompanied by oxidative stress dysregulation, including abnormal total antioxidant capacity (TAC), antioxidants, free radicals, oxidative damage and autoimmune response products. This meta-analysis supports the facts that the serum TAC, paraoxonase and antioxidant levels are lower, and the serum free radical and oxidative damage product levels are higher than controls in depressed patients.”
Liu, T., Zhong, S., Liao, X., Chen, J., He, T., Lai, S., & Jia, Y. (2015). A meta-analysis of oxidative stress markers in depression. PLOS ONE, 10(10), 1-17. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138904
Oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters in patients with major depressive disorder compared to healthy controls before and after antidepressant treatment: Results from a meta-analysis
“Results suggest that oxidative stress plays a role in depression and that antidepressant activity may be mediated via improving oxidative stress/antioxidant function.”
Jiménez-Fernández, S., Gurpegui, M., Díaz-Atienza, F., Pérez-Costillas, L., Gerstenberg, M., & Correll, C. U. (2015). Oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters in patients with major depressive disorder compared to healthy controls before and after antidepressant treatment: Results from a meta-analysis. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76(12), 1658-1667. doi: 10.4088/jcp.14r09179
From inflammation to sickness and depression: When the immune system subjugates the brain
“Inflammation is therefore an important biological event that might increase the risk of major depressive episodes, much like the more traditional psychosocial factors.”
Dantzer, R., O’Connor, J., Freund, G., Johnson, R., & Kelley, K. (2008). From inflammation to sickness and depression: When the immune system subjugates the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(1), 45-46. doi: 10.1038/nrn2297
A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression
“This meta-analysis reports significantly higher concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 in depressed subjects compared with control subjects. While both positive and negative results have been reported in individual studies, this meta-analytic result strengthens evidence that depression is accompanied by activation of the IRS.”
Dowlati, Y., Herrmann, N., Swardfager, W., Liu, H., Sham, L., Reim, E., & Lanctot, K. (2010). A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 67(5), 446-57. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.033
Inflammation in depression: Is adiposity a cause?
“Mounting evidence indicates that inflammation may play a significant role in the development of depression. Patients with depression exhibit increased inflammatory markers, and administration of cytokines and other inflammatory stimuli can induce depressive symptoms.”
Shelton, R., & Miller, A. (2011). Inflammation in depression: Is adiposity a cause? Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 13(1), 41-53. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181969/
Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, depression, and antidepressant medications: Meta-analyses and implications
“Converging lines of evidence implicate the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the pathophysiology of major depression. The meta-analysis revealed strong evidence that BDNF levels were lower in depressed subjects than healthy control subjects.”
Sen, S., Duman, R., & Sanacora, G. (2008). Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, depression, and antidepressant medications: Meta-analyses and implications. Biological Psychiatry, 64(6), 527-532. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.005
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in mood disorders and antidepressant treatments
“Levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are reduced in the brain and serum of depressed patients and at least the reduction in serum levels is reversible upon successful treatment.”
Castrén, E., & Kojima, M. (2016). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in mood disorders and antidepressant treatments. Neurobiology of Disease. Neurobiology of Disease, 97, 119-126. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.07.010
Involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in late-life depression
“Evidence suggests that BDNF is involved in major depression, such that the level of BDNF is decreased in depressed patients and that antidepressants reverse this decrease.”
Dwivedi, Y. (2013). Involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in late-life depression. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(5), 433-449. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2012.10.026
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: Role in depression and suicide
“Several lines of evidence suggest that BDNF is involved in depression, such that the expression of BDNF is decreased in depressed patients. Overall, these studies suggest the possibility that BDNF and its mediated signaling may participate in the pathophysiology of depression and suicidal behavior.”
Yogesh, D. (2009). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: Role in depression and suicide. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 5, 433-449.Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732010/
Hydrogen-rich saline protects against spinal cord injury in rats
“Administration of hydrogen-rich saline decreased the number of apoptotic cells, suppressed oxidative stress, and improved locomotor functions. Hydrogen-rich saline increased the release of Brain derived neurotrophic factor.”
Chen, C., Chen, Q., Mao, Y., Xu, S., Xia, C., Shi, X., . . . Sun, X. (2010). Hydrogen-rich saline protects against spinal cord injury in rats. Neurochemical Research, 35(7), 1111-1118. doi: 10.1007/s11064-010-0162-y
Hydrogen-rich saline injection into the subarachnoid cavity within 2 weeks promotes recovery after acute spinal cord injury
“The benefits of hydrogen-rich saline are not limited to the kidney; it also reduces acute spinal cord contusion injury, possibly by decreasing oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis while increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and activation of the mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium (mitoK ATP) channel.”
Zhang, K., Wang, J., Zhang, Q., Zhu, K., Sun, J., Zhang, Z., & Sun, J. (2015). Hydrogen-rich saline injection into the subarachnoid cavity within 2 weeks promotes recovery after acute spinal cord injury. Neural Regeneration Research, 10(6), 958-964. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.158361
Hydrogen-rich saline protects against oxidative damage and cognitive deficits after mild traumatic brain injury
“Treatment with hydrogen-rich saline, which elevated the levels of molecules associated with brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF)-mediated synaptic plasticity, improved cognitive performance.”
Hou, Z., Luo, W., Sun, X., Hao, S., Zhang, Y., Xu, F., . . . Liu, B. (2012). Hydrogen-rich saline protects against oxidative damage and cognitive deficits after mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Research Bulletin, 88(6), 560-565. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.06.006
Hydrogen-rich saline prevents early neurovascular dysfunction resulting from inhibition of oxidative stress in STZ-diabetic rats
“Hydrogen-rich saline reduced oxidative stress, increased antioxidant enzyme activities and preserved synaptophysin and brain derived neurotrophic factor levels in the diabetic rat retina.”
Feng, Y., Wang, R., Xu, J., Sun, J., Xu, T., Gu, Q., & Wu, X. (2012). Hydrogen-rich saline prevents early neurovascular dysfunction resulting from inhibition of oxidative stress in STZ-diabetic rats. Current Eye Research, 38(3), 396-404. doi: 10.3109/02713683.2012.748919
Effects of hydrogen-rich water on depressive-like behavior in mice
“Emerging evidence suggests that neuroinflammation and oxidative stress may be major contributors to major depressive disorder (MDD). Our data suggest that the beneficial effects of hydrogen-rich water on depressive-like behavior may be mediated by suppression of the inflammasome activation resulting in attenuated protein IL-1β and ROS production.”
Zhang, Y., Su, W., Chen, Y., Wu, T., Gong, H., Shen, X., . . . Jiang, C. (2016). Effects of hydrogen-rich water on depressive-like behavior in mice. Scientific Reports, 6(23742), 1-7. doi: 10.1038/srep23742
The evolution of molecular hydrogen: A noteworthy potential therapy with clinical significance
“Hydrogen is qualified to cross the blood brain barrier, to enter the mitochondria, and even has the ability to translocate to the nucleus under certain conditions. Once in these ideal locations of the cell, previous studies have shown that hydrogen exerts antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties that are beneficial to the cell.”
Dixon, B. J., Tang, J., & Zhang, J. H. (2013). The evolution of molecular hydrogen: A noteworthy potential therapy with clinical significance. Medical Gas Research, 3(10), 1-12. doi: 10.1186/2045-9912-3-10
Recent progress toward hydrogen medicine: Potential of molecular hydrogen for preventive and therapeutic applications
“H2 has a number of advantages as a potential antioxidant: H2 rapidly diffuses into tissues and cells, and it is mild enough neither to disturb metabolic redox reactions nor to affect reactive oxygen species (ROS) that function in cell signaling, thereby, there should be little adverse effects of consuming H2. H2 shows not only effects against oxidative stress, but also various anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects. H2 regulates various gene expressions and protein-phosphorylations as well.”
Ohta, S. (2011). Recent progress toward hydrogen medicine: Potential of molecular hydrogen for preventive and therapeutic applications. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 17(22), 2241-2252. doi: 10.2174/138161211797052664
Hydrogen as a selective antioxidant: A review of clinical and experimental studies
“H2 is emerging as a novel and safe therapeutic antioxidant. It has selective antioxidant properties, giving it anti-inflammatory properties.”
Hong, Y., Chen, S., & Zhang, J. (2010). Hydrogen as a selective antioxidant: A review of clinical and experimental studies. Journal of International Medical Research, 38(6), 1893-1903. doi: 10.1177/147323001003800602
Hydrogen acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by selectively reducing cytotoxic oxygen radicals
“Hydrogen selectively reduces the hydroxyl radical, the most toxic free radical, and effectively protects cells. It does not react with free radicals that have physiological benefits, making it an incredibly effective therapy to neutralize acute oxidative stress.”
Ohsawa, I., Ishikawa, M., Takahashi, K., Watanabe, M., Nishimaki, K., Yamagata, K., . . . Ohta, S. (2007). Hydrogen acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by selectively reducing cytotoxic oxygen radicals. Nature Medicine, 13(6), 688-694. doi: 10.1038/nm1577
Hydrogen-rich water attenuates brain damage and inflammation after traumatic brain injury in rats
“HRW treatment also decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and HMGB1), inflammatory cell number (Iba1) and inflammatory metabolites (Cho) and increased the levels of an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in the brain tissues of TBI-challenged rats. In conclusion, HRW could exert a neuroprotective effect against TBI and attenuate inflammation, which suggests HRW as an effective therapeutic strategy for TBI patients.”
Tian, R., Hou, Z., Hao, S., Wu, W., Mao, X., Tao, X., . . . Liu, B. (2016). Hydrogen-rich water attenuates brain damage and inflammation after traumatic brain injury in rats. Brain Research, 1637, 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.029
Hydrogen-rich saline improves memory function in a rat model of amyloid-beta-induced Alzheimer’s disease by reduction of oxidative stress
“Hydrogen-rich saline prevented Abeta-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, which may contribute to the improvement of memory dysfunction in this rat model.”
Li, J., Wang, C., Zhang, J. H., Cai, J., Cao, Y., & Sun, X. (2010). Hydrogen-rich saline improves memory function in a rat model of amyloid-beta-induced Alzheimer’s disease by reduction of oxidative stress. Brain Research, 1328, 152-161. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.046
Molecular hydrogen reduces LPS-induced neuroinflammation and promotes recovery from sickness behaviour in mice
“We found that molecular hydrogen reduces the LPS-induced sickness behaviour and promotes recovery. These effects are associated with a shift towards anti-inflammatory gene expression profile at baseline (downregulation of TNF- α and upregulation of IL-10). In addition, molecular hydrogen increases the amplitude, but shortens the duration and promotes the extinction of neuroinflammation.”
Spulber, S., Edoff, K., Hong, L., Morisawa, S., Shirahata, S., & Ceccatelli, S. (2012). Molecular hydrogen reduces LPS-induced neuroinflammation and promotes recovery from sickness behaviour in mice. PLOS ONE, 7(7). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042078
Hydrogen-rich saline reduces oxidative stress and inflammation by inhibit of JNK and NF-κB activation in a rat model of amyloid-beta-induced Alzheimer’s disease
“Hydrogen-rich saline prevented amyloid beta-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in this rat model.”
Wang, C., Li, J., Liu, Q., Yang, R., Zhang, J. H., Cao, Y., & Sun, X. (2011). Hydrogen-rich saline reduces oxidative stress and inflammation by inhibit of JNK and NF-κB activation in a rat model of amyloid-beta-induced Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience Letters, 491(2), 127-132. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.01.022
Inhalation of hydrogen gas attenuates brain injury in mice with cecal ligation and puncture via inhibiting neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis
“We found that the beneficial effects of H2 on brain injury in septic mice were linked to the decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative products and the increased activities of antioxidant enzymes in serum and hippocampus. In addition, 2% H2 inhalation promoted the expression and transposition of Nrf2 and the expression of HO-1 to mitigate brain injury in sepsis.”
Liu, L., Xie, K., Chen, H., Dong, X., Li, Y., Yu, Y., . . . Yu, Y. (2014). Inhalation of hydrogen gas attenuates brain injury in mice with cecal ligation and puncture via inhibiting neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis. Brain Research, 1589, 78-92. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.030
